1.1 Consult navigational publications

Step-by-Step Checklist for Practical Application: Sailing Directions and Ship’s Routeing Information

This checklist ensures Deck Cadets can correctly interpret, apply, and integrate information from Sailing Directions and Ship’s Routeing Information into voyage planning and real-time navigation.

1. Pre-Voyage Preparation

☑ Ensure the correct Sailing Directions (Admiralty Pilot Books or national equivalents) are available for the voyage area.
☑ Check for the latest updates using Notices to Mariners (NTMs).
☑ Identify key sections related to:

• Coastal navigation and hazards

• Port entry and anchorage details

• Tidal streams and ocean currents

• Regulatory information (e.g., traffic separation schemes, reporting points)

☑ Ensure the vessel’s passage plan integrates ship’s routeing information.

2. Retrieving Key Information from Sailing Directions

☑ Locate general information on the voyage area (e.g., climate, prevailing winds, ocean currents).
☑ Identify detailed guidance for coastal navigation, including:

• Depth and seabed conditions

• Recommended shipping routes

• Navigational hazards (reefs, wrecks, traffic congestion points)
  ☑ Retrieve port approach details:

• Pilotage requirements

• VHF reporting procedures

• Anchorage and berthing details
  ☑ Verify emergency anchorages and recommended alternate ports.

3. Applying Ship’s Routeing Information

☑ Identify applicable ship’s routeing systems from the voyage plan, including:

• Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS)

• Deep-water routes

• Two-way routes and precautionary areas

• Areas to be avoided (ATBA)
  ☑ Determine the safest and most efficient route considering:

• Under-keel clearance (UKC)

• Vessel draft and maneuverability

• Expected traffic density
  ☑ Cross-check routeing information with the nautical chart and ECDIS.
  ☑ Plan course alterations and waypoint adjustments based on navigational constraints.

4. Using Sailing Directions During Navigation

☑ Monitor the vessel’s position using landmarks, navigation buoys, and recommended tracks.
☑ Verify real-time conditions against Sailing Directions (e.g., depth soundings, tides, navigational hazards).
☑ Follow prescribed routeing measures in TSS zones and major shipping lanes.
☑ Use Sailing Directions for reference in restricted waters, including:

• Narrow channels

• River transits

• Coastal approach zones
  ☑ Adjust vessel speed and heading as per routeing guidelines and prevailing conditions.

5. Communication & Compliance with Routeing Regulations

☑ Monitor VHF channels for traffic separation scheme (TSS) broadcasts.
☑ Follow mandatory reporting requirements for designated reporting points.
☑ Adjust passage plan if new navigational warnings or Notices to Mariners are issued.
☑ Maintain compliance with COLREGs Rule 10 for Traffic Separation Schemes.

6. Logging and Documentation

☑ Record the use of Sailing Directions in the passage plan.
☑ Log any deviations from the planned route, including reasons for alterations.
☑ Ensure compliance with Ship’s Routeing schemes is recorded in the Deck Logbook.
☑ Document updates from NTMs and local navigational warnings.

7. End of Watch/Review Procedures

☑ Brief the next watchkeeper on any significant navigational features ahead.
☑ Confirm updates to passage planning and any newly received routeing warnings.
☑ Ensure all routeing information is accessible for reference during the next navigational watch.

Final Verification Checklist for Supervisor (Officer Approved)

✅ Cadet successfully retrieved and interpreted Sailing Directions.
✅ Cadet correctly applied routeing information to the passage plan.
✅ All waypoints and routeing measures were cross-checked with ECDIS and charts.
✅ Cadet effectively followed TSS rules and communicated with VTS where required.
✅ All observations and adjustments were accurately logged.

This checklist ensures Deck Cadets develop hands-on experience in using Sailing Directions and Ship’s Routeing Information for safe voyage planning, compliance with regulatory requirements, and real-time navigation adjustments.

Simulated Scenario: Applying Ship’s Routeing and Coastal Piloting in Real-Time Navigation

This training scenario is designed to test a Deck Cadet’s ability to retrieve, interpret, and apply information from Sailing Directions and Ship’s Routeing Information while navigating a coastal passage with a Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS).

Scenario Overview

Situation:

Your vessel, a Panamax bulk carrier (225m LOA, 14m draft), is approaching the Dover Strait TSS from the English Channel, en route to Rotterdam. This is one of the busiest maritime transit zones in the world, with significant vessel traffic, strong tidal currents, and strict routeing regulations.

At 0300 LT, while navigating through the southbound traffic lane, a NAVTEX warning is received regarding a drifting fishing vessel in the northbound lane near waypoint WP3. The Officer of the Watch (OOW) tasks you with using Sailing Directions and Ship’s Routeing Information to determine the safest course of action.

Scenario Details

Voyage Conditions:

• Vessel Type: Panamax Bulk Carrier (LOA: 225m, Draft: 14m)

• Current Position: 50°58.0'N, 001°32.5'E (southbound lane of the Dover Strait TSS)

• Speed: 12 knots

• Weather: Wind SW 22 knots, rough sea state, good visibility (15NM)

• Traffic: Heavy traffic in both TSS lanes, including ferries, tankers, and container ships

• Tidal Current: 2.5 knots eastward drift affecting vessel maneuverability

Objectives for the Cadet:

1. Locate relevant routeing and navigation guidance from Sailing Directions (Admiralty Pilot NP28 – Dover Strait Pilot).

2. Interpret TSS regulations and identify the appropriate action for the reported hazard (drifting fishing vessel).

3. Use ECDIS and charts to determine a safe passage plan adjustment.

4. Communicate the necessary maneuvering plan to the OOW and coordinate with Dover VTS.

5. Log all relevant actions and course adjustments in the Deck Logbook.

Step-by-Step Execution of the Scenario

Phase 1: Retrieving and Interpreting Routeing Information

🟢 Action 1: Open the Admiralty Pilot Book (NP28 – Dover Strait Pilot) and locate the TSS section.
🟢 Action 2: Identify the correct procedure for navigating the TSS, including speed adjustments and lane compliance.
🟢 Action 3: Confirm the designated inshore traffic zone (ITZ) and emergency diversion points.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly retrieves and interprets the TSS rules for Dover Strait.

• Cadet understands restricted maneuvering areas and emergency routeing options.

Phase 2: Identifying Safe Navigation Options

🟢 Action 4: Locate the drifting fishing vessel’s reported position (near waypoint WP3 in the northbound lane) on ECDIS.
🟢 Action 5: Assess possible course adjustments to avoid collision while remaining within TSS guidelines.
🟢 Action 6: Consider tidal effects and traffic density when planning maneuvering options.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly identifies the position of the reported obstruction.

• Cadet assesses collision avoidance strategies without violating TSS rules.

Phase 3: Advising the Officer of the Watch (OOW)

🟢 Action 7: Present a recommended course alteration (e.g., altering course 10° to port to create additional separation).
🟢 Action 8: Suggest a speed reduction if necessary to maintain safe maneuverability.
🟢 Action 9: Ensure the maneuver does not violate COLREGs Rule 10 (TSS compliance).

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet communicates an effective and compliant navigation plan to the OOW.

• Cadet considers all traffic and environmental factors before advising action.

Phase 4: Coordinating with VTS and Other Vessels

🟢 Action 10: Establish VHF contact with Dover VTS to confirm awareness of the drifting fishing vessel.
🟢 Action 11: Transmit the vessel’s intended course adjustment and position update to surrounding traffic via VHF Ch. 16.
🟢 Action 12: Monitor radar and AIS for any traffic conflicts before executing the maneuver.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet follows correct VTS reporting procedures.

• Cadet effectively communicates with surrounding vessels to avoid collision risks.

Phase 5: Logging and Documentation

🟢 Action 13: Record the TSS passage and any deviations in the Deck Logbook.
🟢 Action 14: Note the NAVTEX warning received and the corresponding vessel’s response.
🟢 Action 15: Cross-check the route adjustment against Sailing Directions and ECDIS for any further hazards.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly logs the TSS passage and navigational decisions.

• Cadet ensures compliance with routeing regulations and best practices.

Scenario Debrief & Evaluation

At the end of the exercise, the OOW will evaluate the Cadet’s performance based on the following criteria:

Assessment Area

Performance Criteria

Score (1-5)

Retrieving Routeing Information

Found and interpreted correct Sailing Directions.

/5

Identifying Safe Navigation Options

Assessed traffic and environmental factors correctly.

/5

Advising the OOW

Suggested an effective and compliant maneuver.

/5

Coordinating with VTS and Traffic

Communicated effectively and ensured safe passage.

/5

Logging & Documentation

Accurately recorded the TSS passage and route adjustment.

/5

Total Score: __/25
Evaluation:

• 21-25 points: ✅ Excellent – Ready to handle real-time TSS routeing challenges.

• 16-20 points: ⚠ Good – Minor improvements needed.

• 11-15 points: ❗ Fair – More practice required.

• 10 or below: ❌ Insufficient – Needs further training.

Scenario Outcome & Discussion

After completing the scenario, the OOW will review the Cadet’s decisions:

• Did the Cadet correctly interpret Sailing Directions and TSS rules?

• Was the maneuver safe and compliant with COLREGs?

• Did they communicate effectively with VTS and surrounding traffic?

• Was all documentation properly completed?

This discussion helps the Cadet identify strengths and areas for improvement before handling real-world TSS navigation.

This realistic training scenario enhances a Deck Cadet’s situational awareness, decision-making, and communication skills in busy coastal and routeing areas. Mastering these skills is essential for becoming a competent Officer of the Watch (OOW).

Step-by-Step Checklist for Practical Application: List of Lights and Fog Signals

This checklist ensures that Deck Cadets can correctly interpret and use the List of Lights and Fog Signals for safe navigation, port approaches, and night-time/low-visibility passage planning.

1. Pre-Voyage Preparation

☑ Ensure the latest edition of the Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals (ALL) is available.
☑ Verify the edition is up to date using Notices to Mariners (NTMs).
☑ Check if there are any reported failures or changes to navigational lights or fog signals along the intended route.
☑ Ensure ECDIS/AIS settings are configured to display navigational light characteristics correctly.

2. Identifying Key Information from the List of Lights

☑ Locate the section corresponding to the voyage area.
☑ Identify key lighthouses, buoys, and navigational beacons relevant to the planned route.
☑ Review the light characteristics for each aid, including:

• Light color (white, red, green).

• Light type (fixed, flashing, occulting, isophase).

• Flashing sequence and period (e.g., Fl(2)10s = Two flashes every 10 seconds).

• Nominal range (visibility under clear weather conditions).

• Height above sea level (elevation from chart datum).
  ☑ For fog signals, check the type of signal (horn, bell, whistle) and its operational schedule.

3. Applying the List of Lights to Voyage Planning

☑ Cross-check List of Lights information with nautical charts and ECDIS.
☑ Mark significant lights that will be used for navigation fixes and coastal piloting.
☑ Verify that any lighted buoys or leading lights align with port entry and anchorage plans.
☑ Ensure the vessel’s passage plan includes appropriate light-based position fixes for night navigation.

4. Using the List of Lights During Navigation

☑ Confirm the expected light sequence and color when identifying aids to navigation at night.
☑ Use binoculars to verify the light’s characteristics (e.g., number of flashes, timing).
☑ Compare observed light signals with the List of Lights data to confirm the vessel’s position.
☑ Monitor for any discrepancies (e.g., light outages or incorrect flashes) and report them to the Officer of the Watch (OOW).
☑ Adjust course if needed based on light sector visibility (e.g., avoiding red or danger sectors).

5. Using Fog Signals for Safe Navigation

☑ Check for expected fog signal locations in the List of Lights.
☑ Monitor for fog signals in low visibility conditions.
☑ Identify sound characteristics (e.g., long blast every 30 seconds).
☑ Use radar and electronic navigation tools to confirm position if visual reference is limited.
☑ Adjust speed and maneuvering based on received fog signals in accordance with COLREGs.

6. Logging and Documentation

☑ Record all identified and verified navigational lights in the Deck Logbook.
☑ Log any discrepancies (e.g., unlit buoys or missing fog signals) and report them via radio if necessary.
☑ Ensure that updates to navigational lights and fog signals from NTMs are correctly documented.

7. End of Watch/Review Procedures

☑ Brief the next watchkeeper on any observed changes in navigational aids.
☑ Check for new updates or warnings about light failures or changes.
☑ Ensure that all noted light characteristics are correct for the next leg of the voyage.

Final Verification Checklist for Supervisor (Officer Approved)

✅ Cadet correctly located and interpreted List of Lights data.
✅ Cadet successfully applied information to passage planning.
✅ All identified navigational lights and fog signals were cross-checked with charts/ECDIS.
✅ Observations were accurately logged and reported.

Conclusion

This checklist ensures Deck Cadets develop hands-on experience in using the List of Lights and Fog Signals for safe passage planning, night navigation, and restricted visibility operations.

Simulated Scenario: Using the List of Lights and Fog Signals in Real-Time Navigation

This training scenario is designed to test a Deck Cadet’s ability to retrieve, interpret, and apply information from the List of Lights and Fog Signals in a real-time navigation scenario.

Scenario Overview

Situation:

You are a Deck Cadet on a general cargo vessel sailing towards Dover Strait (UK) at night. The vessel is navigating in moderate visibility with patches of fog, requiring the use of navigational lights and fog signals to maintain situational awareness.

Your task is to use the Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals (NP74 - British Isles and North Coast of France) to confirm the vessel's position and ensure safe passage through the Strait.

Scenario Details

Voyage Conditions:

• Vessel Type: General Cargo Ship (LOA: 120m, Draft: 6m).

• Current Position: 51°06.0'N, 001°27.5'E (Eastbound lane of Dover Strait TSS).

• Speed: 10 knots on a course of 090°T.

• Weather: Moderate sea state, visibility 4 NM, patches of dense fog.

• Traffic: Heavy shipping in both directions, including ferries and tankers.

Navigational Aids Expected on Passage:

1. South Foreland Lighthouse (51°08.5'N, 001°22.6'E)

   • Flashing white every 5 seconds (Fl.W.5s).

   • Nominal range 20 NM.

2. Dungeness Light Float (50°54.2'N, 000°58.8'E)

   • Flashing red every 10 seconds (Fl.R.10s).

   • Nominal range 8 NM.

3. Gris-Nez Fog Signal (France) (50°52.9'N, 001°35.8'E)

   • 1 long blast every 30 seconds.

Scenario Objectives for the Cadet

The Cadet must:

1. Locate and retrieve the correct information from the List of Lights and Fog Signals (NP74).

2. Use lighthouse flashes and fog signals to confirm the vessel's position.

3. Cross-check observed light and fog signals with ECDIS and the chart.

4. Advise the Officer of the Watch (OOW) on course adjustments if necessary.

5. Log key observations and report any discrepancies.

Step-by-Step Execution of the Scenario

Phase 1: Retrieving and Interpreting List of Lights Information

🟢 Action 1: Open Admiralty List of Lights (NP74) and locate the section for Dover Strait.
🟢 Action 2: Identify expected lighthouses and buoys along the planned route.
🟢 Action 3: Note down the expected flashing sequences, colors, and ranges.
🟢 Action 4: Locate fog signals along the planned passage.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly retrieves and interprets List of Lights and Fog Signals data.

• Cadet identifies expected light characteristics for navigation reference.

Phase 2: Using Lights to Confirm Vessel’s Position

🟢 Action 5: Use binoculars to visually confirm South Foreland Lighthouse flash sequence (Fl.W.5s).
🟢 Action 6: Cross-check observed bearing of South Foreland Lighthouse with ECDIS/chart.
🟢 Action 7: Observe and verify the Dungeness Light Float flash sequence (Fl.R.10s).

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly identifies light sequences and confirms visibility range.

• Cadet accurately cross-checks observed bearings with the chart.

Phase 3: Using Fog Signals for Safe Navigation

🟢 Action 8: Listen for the Gris-Nez fog signal (1 long blast every 30 seconds).
🟢 Action 9: Determine estimated range to Gris-Nez using fog signal audibility.
🟢 Action 10: Cross-check fog signal location with ECDIS and radar overlay.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly interprets fog signals and determines approximate distance.

• Cadet understands how to use fog signals as an additional position confirmation tool.

Phase 4: Advising the Officer of the Watch (OOW)

🟢 Action 11: Report the identified lighthouses and fog signals to the OOW.
🟢 Action 12: Advise whether the vessel is on track or requires a course adjustment.
🟢 Action 13: If visibility worsens, recommend reducing speed and increasing sound signals (COLREGs Rule 19).

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly advises the OOW based on visual and sound signal observations.

• Cadet suggests appropriate actions for safe navigation.

Phase 5: Logging and Reporting

🟢 Action 14: Record the identified light signals and bearings in the Deck Logbook.
🟢 Action 15: Log the fog signal detections with estimated distances.
🟢 Action 16: Report any discrepancies (e.g., unlit buoy, missing fog signal) via VHF to UK Coast Guard.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly logs all observations with time, bearing, and estimated range.

• Cadet understands the importance of reporting navigational aid discrepancies.

Scenario Debrief & Evaluation

At the end of the exercise, the Officer of the Watch (OOW) will evaluate the Cadet’s performance based on the following scoring criteria:

Assessment Area

Performance Criteria

Score (1-5)

Retrieving Information

Found and interpreted correct List of Lights data.

/5

Identifying Lights & Signals

Correctly identified and cross-checked visual signals.

/5

Using Fog Signals for Positioning

Estimated distance based on fog signals and verified on ECDIS.

/5

Advising the OOW

Provided accurate navigation recommendations.

/5

Logging & Reporting

Properly logged observations and reported discrepancies.

/5

Total Score: __/25
Evaluation:

• 21-25 points: ✅ Excellent – Ready to use List of Lights and Fog Signals in real-world navigation.

• 16-20 points: ⚠ Good – Minor improvements needed.

• 11-15 points: ❗ Fair – More practice required.

• 10 or below: ❌ Insufficient – Needs further training.

Scenario Outcome & Discussion

After the exercise, the OOW will discuss the Cadet’s performance:

• Did the Cadet correctly interpret the List of Lights and Fog Signals?

• Did they correctly confirm vessel position using observed lights and fog signals?

• Did they effectively communicate findings to the bridge team?

• Were their logs and reports accurate and complete?

The goal is to ensure the Cadet gains confidence and experience in using the List of Lights and Fog Signals for real-time navigation before assuming responsibilities as an Officer of the Watch (OOW).

This realistic training scenario enhances Deck Cadets’ situational awareness, their ability to interpret visual and sound-based navigational aids, and apply this knowledge to real-time voyage planning and execution.

Additional Training Scenarios: Emergency Situations, Unlit Navigation Aids, and Restricted Visibility Navigation

Below are three advanced training scenarios designed to test Deck Cadets’ ability to handle real-world navigational challenges using the List of Lights and Fog Signals in emergency and low-visibility situations.

Scenario 1: Emergency Situation – Navigational Light Failure

Situation:

Your vessel, a 250m container ship, is approaching the port of Singapore at night. The approach heavily relies on navigational lights from Pulau Bukom Lighthouse and Raffles Lighthouse, as marked in the Admiralty List of Lights (NP83 – Southeast Asia Pilot).

However, you receive a VHF broadcast from the Singapore Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) stating that Raffles Lighthouse is unlit due to a technical failure. Your vessel is currently 8 NM from port, navigating a narrow, high-traffic channel.

Objectives for the Cadet:

1. Confirm the missing navigational light in the List of Lights.

2. Identify alternative aids to navigation (buoys, racons, AIS beacons).

3. Use ECDIS and radar to maintain a safe approach.

4. Advise the Officer of the Watch (OOW) on alternative navigation strategies.

5. Log the incident and notify the relevant authorities.

Step-by-Step Execution:

🟢 Action 1: Retrieve the List of Lights entry for Raffles Lighthouse and confirm its normal characteristics.
🟢 Action 2: Identify alternative navigation aids (e.g., nearby buoys, light floats, racon beacons).
🟢 Action 3: Cross-check with ECDIS and radar to verify the lighthouse’s absence.
🟢 Action 4: Advise the OOW to increase bridge team vigilance and use parallel indexing on radar.
🟢 Action 5: Report the unlit lighthouse to Singapore VTS via VHF and note it in the Deck Logbook.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Did the Cadet correctly identify alternative navigational aids?

• Did they apply effective navigation techniques despite the missing light?

• Was the communication with authorities and documentation properly handled?

Scenario 2: Restricted Visibility – Entering a Port in Dense Fog

Situation:

Your vessel, a 120m general cargo ship, is entering the Port of Rotterdam at 0600 local time. A thick fog bank (visibility <0.5 NM) is reported, reducing visibility of all visual navigation aids. The ship must rely on fog signals and sound-based navigation using the Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals (NP75 – Netherlands Pilot).

Objectives for the Cadet:

1. Locate the List of Lights section for Rotterdam Port and identify relevant fog signals.

2. Monitor and interpret fog signals from port control, buoys, and other vessels.

3. Use radar and ECDIS to confirm vessel position and detect traffic.

4. Recommend appropriate maneuvering and speed adjustments.

5. Follow COLREGs Rule 19 (Restricted Visibility) for vessel operations.

Step-by-Step Execution:

🟢 Action 1: Retrieve fog signal details from the List of Lights (NP75) and confirm expected sound patterns.
🟢 Action 2: Listen for fog signals and identify their sources (e.g., breakwater foghorn, moored vessel bell).
🟢 Action 3: Cross-check fog signal bearings with radar and AIS targets.
🟢 Action 4: Recommend reducing speed and using sound signals as per COLREGs Rule 19.
🟢 Action 5: Maintain a continuous listening watch on VHF Channel 12 (Rotterdam Port Control).

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Did the Cadet correctly interpret fog signals and use them for navigation?

• Was the vessel’s speed and maneuvering safely adjusted?

• Did the Cadet demonstrate proper use of radar, AIS, and sound signals?

Scenario 3: Emergency Situation – Man Overboard (MOB) in Low Visibility

Situation:

Your vessel, a cruise ship, is sailing through the Baltic Sea at night when a man overboard (MOB) alarm is triggered. The ship is near a navigation buoy with a light signal and an AIS transponder, as indicated in the List of Lights (NP62 – Baltic Sea Pilot).

The challenge:

• The ship needs to locate and recover the person in the water while avoiding traffic and hazards.

• The MOB position is 200m from a flashing green buoy (Fl.G.5s, 5NM range).

• The sea state is rough, with visibility limited to 2 NM.

Objectives for the Cadet:

1. Locate the List of Lights entry for the nearby buoy to confirm its characteristics.

2. Use the buoy as a reference point to maneuver for MOB recovery.

3. Communicate MOB situation on VHF and request emergency support.

4. Advise the OOW on best recovery strategy considering sea state and vessel handling.

5. Log all events in the emergency report and Deck Logbook.

Step-by-Step Execution:

🟢 Action 1: Retrieve the List of Lights entry for the green buoy and confirm its flashing sequence.
🟢 Action 2: Use the buoy’s light characteristics as a visual reference for the MOB position.
🟢 Action 3: Assist in adjusting vessel course to drift towards the MOB safely.
🟢 Action 4: Relay a Mayday relay message via VHF Channel 16 for search-and-rescue (SAR) support.
🟢 Action 5: Monitor the MOB's position relative to the buoy and update the bridge team.
🟢 Action 6: Log the incident details, time, and recovery actions in the Deck Logbook.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Did the Cadet correctly use the buoy light for reference and position tracking?

• Was the MOB maneuver executed safely based on conditions?

• Did the Cadet follow correct VHF distress communication protocols?

Scenario Outcome & Discussion

After each exercise, the Officer of the Watch (OOW) will review the Cadet’s performance based on:

1. Correct use of the List of Lights and Fog Signals.

2. Decision-making and navigation adjustments in emergencies.

3. Communication effectiveness with authorities and crew.

4. Adherence to COLREGs and emergency procedures.

5. Accuracy in logging and reporting the incident.

These advanced training scenarios prepare Deck Cadets for real-world emergencies and restricted visibility conditions using the List of Lights and Fog Signals as a primary reference.

Scenario 1: Arctic Navigation – Navigating Through Ice and Limited Aids to Navigation

Situation:

Your vessel, a 200m tanker, is navigating in the Northern Sea Route (NSR) near the Kara Sea, Russia. Due to extreme conditions, many navigational lights and buoys are missing or damaged. Your ship must rely on ice pilot guidance, radar, and satellite AIS to navigate safely.

At 0300 LT, the visibility drops to 1 NM, and drifting ice is detected ahead. The crew must determine the safest course and speed adjustments while verifying available Arctic navigation lights and sector lights from the List of Lights (NP23 – Arctic Pilot).

Objectives for the Cadet:

1. Retrieve and confirm available navigation aids from the List of Lights for the Arctic region.

2. Identify missing or unreliable navigational aids and suggest alternative navigation methods.

3. Use ECDIS, radar, and ice charts to cross-check position and detect ice hazards.

4. Advise the OOW on safe speed and maneuvering strategies based on ice conditions.

5. Log all navigational light discrepancies and ice hazards in the Deck Logbook.

Step-by-Step Execution:

🟢 Action 1: Locate the Arctic region’s List of Lights section and verify which lights should be operational.
🟢 Action 2: Identify missing or unreliable lights and suggest reliance on GPS waypoints, AIS beacons, and radar targets.
🟢 Action 3: Cross-check real-time position with ice charts and ECDIS overlays.
🟢 Action 4: Advise the OOW to reduce speed to accommodate restricted visibility and ice drift.
🟢 Action 5: Report all discrepancies via VHF to Arctic Vessel Traffic Service (VTS).
🟢 Action 6: Log environmental conditions, navigation light status, and ice movements in the ship’s records.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly identifies available and missing navigation aids.

• Cadet suggests alternative methods for safe passage through ice-infested waters.

• Cadet advises on speed adjustments and reports discrepancies properly.

Scenario 2: Heavy Traffic Situation – Navigating the Singapore Strait at Night

Situation:

Your vessel, a 180m container ship, is transiting through the Singapore Strait TSS, one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world. There are numerous crossing vessels, fishing boats, and high-speed ferries in the area.

At 2300 LT, you receive a NAVTEX warning that the Raffles Lighthouse is partially unlit, meaning a crucial visual navigation aid for this section is unreliable. The ship must maintain safe navigation using alternative methods while avoiding close-quarters situations with nearby traffic.

Objectives for the Cadet:

1. Confirm the unlit navigational light in the List of Lights (NP83 – Southeast Asia Pilot).

2. Identify alternative aids to navigation (buoys, racons, AIS beacons).

3. Use radar, ECDIS, and AIS to track vessel movements in heavy traffic.

4. Apply COLREGs Rule 15 (Crossing Situations) and Rule 10 (TSS Conduct) to avoid close-quarters situations.

5. Log all major traffic encounters and near-misses for review.

Step-by-Step Execution:

🟢 Action 1: Retrieve the List of Lights entry for Raffles Lighthouse and confirm its normal characteristics.
🟢 Action 2: Identify alternative lighted buoys, radar beacons, or AIS navigation points.
🟢 Action 3: Monitor heavy traffic density using radar and ECDIS overlays.
🟢 Action 4: Apply COLREGs for safe overtaking, crossing, and meeting situations.
🟢 Action 5: Report any near-miss situations to the OOW and VTS.
🟢 Action 6: Log any close encounters or unlit navigation aids in the Deck Logbook.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet successfully identifies alternative navigational aids.

• Cadet effectively manages traffic situations following COLREGs.

• Cadet correctly logs any anomalies and reports hazards to authorities.

Scenario 3: TSS Crossing – Northbound Transit Through the Dover Strait

Situation:

Your vessel, a 300m bulk carrier, is transiting northbound through the Dover Strait TSS under moderate traffic conditions.

A VHF broadcast from Dover VTS warns that a fishing vessel is drifting within the TSS lanes, creating a potential hazard. The challenge is to execute a safe lane crossing while avoiding an unexpected obstruction and ensuring compliance with TSS regulations.

Objectives for the Cadet:

1. Retrieve the correct navigation lights and fog signals for Dover Strait from the List of Lights (NP74).

2. Identify the best time and location to execute a safe TSS lane crossing.

3. Use radar and AIS to monitor the drifting fishing vessel and other traffic.

4. Apply COLREGs Rule 10 (Traffic Separation Scheme Conduct) to maneuver safely.

5. Communicate with Dover VTS to confirm intentions and request traffic updates.

Step-by-Step Execution:

🟢 Action 1: Retrieve the List of Lights entries for Dover Strait sector lights and fog signals.
🟢 Action 2: Identify alternative navigation marks to assist in crossing safely.
🟢 Action 3: Monitor the drifting fishing vessel’s position on radar/AIS.
🟢 Action 4: Select the safest crossing point while ensuring compliance with COLREGs Rule 10.
🟢 Action 5: Communicate with Dover VTS and nearby vessels to coordinate crossing.
🟢 Action 6: Log the time and position of the TSS crossing and any deviations.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet successfully identifies sector lights and navigation marks for guidance.

• Cadet applies correct TSS crossing procedures as per COLREGs Rule 10.

• Cadet effectively coordinates via VHF with VTS and other vessels.

Scenario Debrief & Evaluation

At the end of each exercise, the Officer of the Watch (OOW) will evaluate the Cadet’s performance based on:

1. Correct use of the List of Lights for navigation aid verification.

2. Decision-making and navigational adjustments in real-time situations.

3. Effective use of COLREGs for traffic management and safety compliance.

4. Communication efficiency with VTS and nearby vessels.

5. Accuracy in logging and reporting navigation-related anomalies.

These advanced training scenarios prepare Deck Cadets for complex navigational challenges by improving their situational awareness, emergency response skills, and adherence to TSS procedures and COLREGs.

Step-by-Step Checklist for Practical Application: Pilot Books

This checklist ensures that Deck Cadets can correctly interpret, use, and apply Pilot Books (Sailing Directions) for safe voyage planning and navigation.

1. Pre-Voyage Preparation

☑ Ensure the correct Pilot Book (Sailing Directions) is available for the voyage area.
☑ Verify that the Pilot Book is up to date using Notices to Mariners (NTMs).
☑ Identify the relevant sections for the voyage (coastal area, port approaches, anchorages).
☑ Check the corresponding nautical charts and ECDIS coverage for the area.

2. Identifying Key Information from a Pilot Book

☑ Find general information about the region (climate, oceanography, prevailing winds).
☑ Locate port descriptions, including entry procedures and facilities.
☑ Check details on navigational hazards (reefs, shoals, wrecks, restricted areas).
☑ Review Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) and recommended shipping routes.
☑ Note anchorage areas, depth restrictions, and tidal conditions.
☑ Identify VHF radio contact channels and reporting points.

3. Using Pilot Books for Voyage Planning

☑ Cross-check Pilot Book information with nautical charts and ECDIS.
☑ Verify the availability of navigational aids (lighthouses, buoys, radar beacons).
☑ Determine the best approach to the port, considering depth and hazards.
☑ Plan alternative anchorages or emergency berths in case of delays.
☑ Confirm local regulations, including reporting requirements and pilotage rules.

4. Applying Pilot Book Information During Navigation

☑ Monitor for navigational hazards listed in the Pilot Book.
☑ Use recommended routes to enter and exit coastal waters.
☑ Confirm VHF communication procedures with port control before arrival.
☑ Adjust speed and maneuvering based on local tidal and current information.
☑ Refer to the Pilot Book for emergency anchorages in case of mechanical failure.

5. Logging and Documentation

☑ Record the use of the Pilot Book in the voyage plan.
☑ Log any discrepancies between Pilot Book information and real-time observations.
☑ Ensure updates from Notices to Mariners are recorded in the ship’s library.
☑ Sign off on any adjustments made based on Pilot Book data.

6. End of Watch/Review Procedures

☑ Brief the next watchkeeper on Pilot Book references for upcoming waypoints.
☑ Check for any updates from port authorities or new notices affecting navigation.
☑ Verify that the Pilot Book remains accessible for reference during port entry.

Final Verification Checklist for Supervisor (Officer Approved)

✅ Cadet successfully located and interpreted relevant information from the Pilot Book.
✅ Cadet applied Pilot Book data to a real-time navigation scenario.
✅ All details were cross-checked with charts and ECDIS.
✅ Voyage plan and logbooks reflect Pilot Book-based decisions.

This checklist ensures Deck Cadets gain hands-on experience in using Pilot Books for safe passage planning, port approaches, and hazard awareness. It prepares them for real-world responsibilities as an Officer of the Watch (OOW).

Simulated Scenario: Using a Pilot Book in Real-Time Navigation

This training scenario is designed to test a Deck Cadet’s ability to retrieve, interpret, and apply Pilot Book (Sailing Directions) information for safe coastal navigation and port entry.

Scenario Overview

Situation:

You are a Deck Cadet on a bulk carrier approaching the Port of Gibraltar. The vessel is navigating through the Strait of Gibraltar, a busy shipping lane with strong tidal currents, multiple Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS), and high-density vessel traffic.

Your task is to use the Admiralty Sailing Directions (NP27 – West Mediterranean Pilot) to assist the Officer of the Watch (OOW) in navigating safely into Gibraltar anchorage.

Scenario Details

Voyage Conditions:

• Vessel Type: Bulk Carrier (200m LOA, 12m draft).

• Position: 35°58.5'N, 005°30.0'W (approaching Gibraltar Strait TSS).

• Speed: 12 knots under moderate sea state.

• Weather: Wind SW 18 knots, moderate swell, good visibility.

• Current: Strong eastbound current (3 knots).

• Traffic: Heavy vessel traffic in the TSS.

Key Navigational Considerations:

1. Port Approach Regulations

   • Entry clearance and pilotage requirements.

   • Local reporting procedures via VHF Channel 12.

2. Navigational Hazards

   • Tidal currents and crosswinds affecting maneuverability.

   • Traffic congestion in the Strait of Gibraltar.

   • Shallow water areas near Punta Carnero.

3. Anchorage Options

   • Suitable anchorage for waiting vessels before berthing.

   • Depth and holding ground assessment.

4. Port Entry & Berthing

   • Required maneuvering space for approach.

   • Local restrictions on vessel movements.

Scenario Objectives for the Cadet

The Cadet must:

1. Locate relevant information in the Pilot Book (NP27 – West Mediterranean Pilot).

2. Interpret and apply Pilot Book data for safe navigation and anchoring.

3. Cross-check information with the nautical chart/ECDIS.

4. Advise the OOW on entry procedures, hazards, and best anchorage options.

5. Log key information for future reference.

Step-by-Step Execution of the Scenario

Phase 1: Retrieving and Interpreting Pilot Book Information

🟢 Action 1: Open the West Mediterranean Pilot (NP27) and locate Gibraltar Strait and Port of Gibraltar section.
🟢 Action 2: Identify:

• Port entry procedures and pilotage requirements.

• Recommended anchorage positions for waiting vessels.

• Tidal stream details affecting vessel movement.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly retrieves Pilot Book information relevant to the approach.

• Cadet identifies critical navigational hazards and recommended anchorage areas.

Phase 2: Applying Pilot Book Data to the Navigation Plan

🟢 Action 3: Plot the vessel’s intended approach route on the chart/ECDIS.
🟢 Action 4: Compare Pilot Book data with the nautical chart for accuracy.
🟢 Action 5: Identify the most suitable anchorage area based on:

• Depth and holding ground.

• Distance from the main traffic lane.

• Expected tidal stream effects.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly plots safe entry routes and anchorage positions.

• Cadet cross-checks Pilot Book details with chart data and real-time conditions.

Phase 3: Advising the Officer of the Watch (OOW)

🟢 Action 6: Brief the OOW on:

• Port entry procedures (VHF communication, pilot boarding, clearance).

• Expected tidal currents and maneuvering considerations.

• Anchorage options and depth restrictions.

• Any restrictions on vessel movement within Gibraltar port.

🟢 Action 7: Suggest a safe approach speed considering the current and vessel handling characteristics.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet clearly communicates relevant information to the OOW.

• Cadet suggests practical solutions for navigation and anchoring.

Phase 4: Logging and Documentation

🟢 Action 8: Record the following in the Deck Logbook:

• Port entry procedure summary.

• Chosen anchorage position with coordinates.

• Expected tidal currents at time of arrival.

🟢 Action 9: Verify that the Pilot Book information used is up to date based on the latest Notices to Mariners (NTMs).

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly logs all important navigational details.

• Cadet confirms that latest Pilot Book editions are in use.

Scenario Debrief & Evaluation

At the end of the exercise, the Officer of the Watch (OOW) will evaluate the Cadet’s performance based on the following scoring criteria:

Assessment Area

Performance Criteria

Score (1-5)

Retrieving Information

Found and interpreted Pilot Book data accurately.

/5

Applying Data to Navigation

Used Pilot Book details to modify passage plan safely.

/5

Advising the OOW

Communicated findings clearly and suggested correct actions.

/5

Logging & Documentation

Recorded essential information correctly.

/5

Cross-Checking with Charts

Verified Pilot Book data against navigational charts.

/5

Total Score: __/25
Evaluation:

• 21-25 points: ✅ Excellent – Ready to use Pilot Books in real-world navigation.

• 16-20 points: ⚠ Good – Some improvements needed.

• 11-15 points: ❗ Fair – More practice required.

• 10 or below: ❌ Insufficient – Needs further training.

Scenario Outcome & Discussion

After the exercise, the OOW will discuss the Cadet’s decisions:

• Did the Cadet correctly interpret the Pilot Book’s information?

• Were the navigational hazards and port procedures properly assessed?

• Did the Cadet suggest a realistic and safe approach plan?

• What could have been done more efficiently?

The goal is to ensure the Cadet gains confidence and experience in using Pilot Books for real-time navigation before assuming responsibilities as an Officer of the Watch (OOW).

This realistic training scenario prepares Cadets for coastal navigation challenges, enhancing their ability to use Pilot Books effectively in voyage planning and execution.

Step-by-Step Checklist for Practical Application: Radio Navigational Warnings

This checklist will help Deck Cadets properly receive, interpret, and respond to Radio Navigational Warnings to ensure safe navigation.

1. Pre-Voyage Preparation

☑ Verify that NAVTEX, SafetyNET, and VHF/MF/HF radios are operational.
☑ Ensure correct NAVAREA settings are selected on NAVTEX and SafetyNET.
☑ Check previous warnings received in the last 24 hours.
☑ Review Notices to Mariners (NTMs) for planned voyage updates.

2. Receiving Radio Navigational Warnings

☑ Monitor NAVTEX receiver for automated messages.
☑ Listen to VHF Channel 16 for local navigational warnings.
☑ Check Inmarsat SafetyNET for NAVAREA warnings.
☑ Record all received warnings in the ship’s logbook.

3. Interpreting Radio Navigational Warnings

☑ Identify the type of warning (e.g., NAVAREA, Coastal, Local, SAR).
☑ Note the reference number and issuing authority (e.g., NAVAREA X, UKHO, USCG).
☑ Check the geographic location and affected area coordinates.
☑ Understand the nature of the warning (e.g., wreck, military exercise, TSS change).
☑ Determine the recommended actions (e.g., alter course, navigate with caution).

4. Responding to a Navigational Warning

☑ Alert the Officer of the Watch (OOW) immediately if the warning affects the voyage.
☑ Adjust course and speed if necessary, following COLREGs and company procedures.
☑ Log the action taken in the Deck Logbook.
☑ Inform the Master if the warning involves severe hazards or operational restrictions.

5. Communicating a Radio Navigational Warning

☑ If required, acknowledge receipt of a warning via VHF/MF/HF radio.
☑ Relay urgent warnings to other vessels via VHF Channel 16 if necessary.
☑ Inform the nearest Coast Guard station if a new navigational hazard is observed.
☑ Maintain a watch on SafetyNET and NAVTEX for updates or cancellations.

6. Logging and Documentation

☑ Record all received warnings in the ship’s radio logbook.
☑ Update the chart corrections and passage plan if required.
☑ Verify warning updates with Notices to Mariners (NTMs).
☑ Ensure all warnings are acknowledged and signed by the OOW.

7. End of Watch Procedures

☑ Brief the next watchkeeper on active navigational warnings.
☑ Ensure all warnings are displayed on the bridge for awareness.
☑ Check for any new warnings before handing over the watch.

Final Verification Checklist for Supervisor (Officer Approved)

✅ NAVTEX and SafetyNET receivers are functional and monitored.
✅ Cadet can interpret and explain a received navigational warning.
✅ Cadet has demonstrated proper response actions to a warning.
✅ All warnings are correctly logged and acknowledged.
✅ Bridge team is aware of active warnings for the voyage.

This checklist ensures Deck Cadets can effectively receive, interpret, and act upon Radio Navigational Warnings. Following these steps will enhance situational awareness and navigational safety while developing competency towards becoming an Officer of the Watch (OOW).

Training Scenario: Handling Real-Time Radio Navigational Warnings

This training scenario is designed to test a Deck Cadet’s ability to receive, interpret, and respond to Radio Navigational Warnings in a simulated maritime environment.

Scenario Overview

Situation:

You are a Deck Cadet on a container vessel sailing in the English Channel (NAVAREA I). During your bridge watch under the supervision of the Officer of the Watch (OOW), the ship’s NAVTEX receiver prints a new navigational warning.

Scenario Details: Received Navigational Warning

NAVTEX MESSAGE:

NAVAREA I/0456/24 – WRECK HAZARD IN ENGLISH CHANNEL
ISSUED: 12th February 2024 at 1200 UTC
POSITION: 50°20.5'N, 001°30.2'W
DESCRIPTION: Large vessel wreck reported partially submerged, depth unknown. Hazard to navigation. Vessels are advised to maintain a minimum clearance of 2 NM and navigate with caution.
SOURCE: UKHO (United Kingdom Hydrographic Office)

Objectives for the Cadet:

1. Acknowledge and interpret the warning.

2. Determine the relevance of the warning to the vessel’s current route.

3. Decide on appropriate actions to ensure vessel safety.

4. Communicate the warning to the appropriate personnel.

5. Log and document the event properly.

Step-by-Step Execution of the Scenario

Phase 1: Receiving the Warning

🟢 Action 1: Check the NAVTEX printout and confirm details.
🟢 Action 2: Identify the warning type (Wreck Hazard) and the NAVAREA (I).
🟢 Action 3: Notify the Officer of the Watch (OOW) immediately.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly reads and understands the warning.

• Cadet reports it promptly to the OOW.

Phase 2: Interpreting the Warning

🟢 Action 4: Locate the given coordinates (50°20.5'N, 001°30.2'W) on the nautical chart or ECDIS.
🟢 Action 5: Compare the position of the wreck to the vessel’s planned route.
🟢 Action 6: Identify potential risks (e.g., is the wreck near the planned course?).

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet correctly plots the location on the chart/ECDIS.

• Cadet determines if the warning affects the vessel’s planned route.

Phase 3: Deciding on the Correct Action

🟢 Action 7: If the wreck is near the intended track, suggest an alternative route to the OOW.
🟢 Action 8: Calculate the required course alteration to maintain the minimum 2 NM clearance from the hazard.
🟢 Action 9: Verify if the adjustment is safe considering other vessel traffic and weather conditions.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet suggests an appropriate course alteration to avoid the hazard.

• Cadet considers other navigational factors before making a decision.

Phase 4: Communication & Coordination

🟢 Action 10: Relay the warning details to the Master (if required) and Bridge Team.
🟢 Action 11: Confirm the warning with other vessels in the vicinity via VHF Channel 16 (if necessary).
🟢 Action 12: Report the hazard to the nearest coast guard station if the wreck is uncharted.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet communicates clearly and effectively.

• Cadet follows proper protocol for informing the crew and external authorities.

Phase 5: Logging & Documentation

🟢 Action 13: Record the received warning details in the ship’s logbook.
🟢 Action 14: Document any course adjustments in the Deck Log.
🟢 Action 15: Cross-check the latest Notices to Mariners (NTMs) to confirm if the warning was anticipated.

✅ Assessment Criteria:

• Cadet logs the event accurately and neatly in the ship’s records.

• Cadet verifies whether the warning aligns with previously issued NTMs.

Scenario Debrief & Evaluation

At the end of the exercise, the Officer of the Watch (OOW) will review the Cadet’s performance based on the following scoring criteria:

Assessment Area

Performance Criteria

Score (1-5)

Receiving the Warning

Read, interpreted, and reported the warning promptly.

/5

Interpreting the Warning

Plotted position and determined its impact on the voyage.

/5

Deciding on the Correct Action

Suggested appropriate course adjustment to maintain a safe distance.

/5

Communication & Coordination

Notified the OOW, Bridge Team, and external authorities if necessary.

/5

Logging & Documentation

Accurately recorded the event in logbooks.

/5

Total Score: __/25
Evaluation:

• 21-25 points: ✅ Excellent – Ready to handle real navigational warnings.

• 16-20 points: ⚠ Good – Some improvements needed.

• 11-15 points: ❗ Fair – Needs more practice in navigation safety.

• 10 or below: ❌ Insufficient – Further training required.

Scenario Outcome & Discussion

After the exercise, the OOW will discuss the Cadet’s decisions:

• Did the Cadet correctly interpret and respond to the warning?

• Did they consider alternative solutions?

• What could have been done more efficiently?

The goal is to ensure the Cadet gains practical experience in handling real-time Radio Navigational Warnings before taking on full responsibilities as an Officer of the Watch (OOW).

This hands-on training scenario prepares Cadets for real-life navigational challenges, improving their ability to respond swiftly and effectively to Radio Navigational Warnings.